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Tidslinje
for nordisk historie,
med hovedvekt på vikingtida
Førhistorisk
tid 4000 f.K - 100 f.K
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| 4000 f.K. |
Indoeuropeisk innvandring starter i området rundt Det kaspiske
hav eller de sørlige steppene i Russland.
|
| 1500 f.K. |
Bronsealderen starter i Skandinavia
|
| 1000 f.K. |
De første germanske innvandrerne slår seg til i Skandinavia
og begynner å utvikle eget språk og egen kultur som etter
hvert skiller dem fra resten av indo-europeerne.
|
| 500 f.K. |
Jernalderen starter i Skandinavia
|
| ca. 500 - 200 f.K. |
Keltisk styre i mesteparten av Fastlands-Europa
|
| ca. 200 f.K |
Østgermanske folk (gotere, burgundere osv) vandrer ut fra Skandinavia
til Øst-Europa og slår seg til på steppene og området
rundt Svartehavet.
Vestgermanere vandrer sørover inn i området for dagens Tyskland
og erstatter kelterne som til nå har hersket i disse områdene.
Det gamle germanske språket deler seg i nordgermansk (gammelnordisk,
som blir norsk, svensk, dansk, islandsk og færøyisk), vestgermansk
(tysk, nederlandsk, engelsk) og østgermansk (gotisk, som seinere
dør ut).
|
| ca. 250 - 100 f.K |
Runealfabetet utvikler seg
|
| ca. 325 - 400 |
Goterne omvender seg til kristendommen
Ulfias lager omsetting av det nye testamentet, det eneste skriftstykket
vi har på gotisk
|
| 378 |
Goterne beseirer romerne i øst I slaget ved Adrianopel
|
| 406 - 407 |
En sammenslutning av germanske stammer krysser Rhinen og tar land i romernes områder.
|
| 410 |
Alarik, Visigoternes konge, erobrer Roma.
|
| 436 |
Hunnerne, oppmuntret av den romerske keiseren Aetius, svermer inn i Burgundernes rike ved Rhinen, og dreper kong Gundahari
(det historiske utgangspunktet for Gunther/Gunnar i Nibelungenlied
/ Volsunga sagaen).
|
| 449 |
Hengest og Horsa starter den angel-saksiske erobringen av Britannia.
|
| ca. 450 |
De vestgermanske stammene som lever rundt Nordsjøen (anglere, saksere og frisere), begynner å legge nye runer til i den eldre futharken for å markere lydforandringer i sine dialelkter. De lager dermed den anglofrisiske futharken.
|
| 493 - 526 |
King Theodorik den store, seinere en kjent helt i germanske sagn,
hersker i Roma inntil sin død.
|
| ca. 500 - 530 |
De historiske forbildene til Beowulf, Hrothgar og Hrolf Krak lever.
|
| ca. 639 |
Sutton-Hoo skipsbegravelsenl, en rik germansk grav funnet i England, og som inneholder mange praktgjenstander av svensk opprinnelse.
|
| 659 |
Penda, den siste hedenske kongen i England, dør i kamp.
|
| 696 |
Radbod, frisernes konge, nekter å bli kristen.
|
| ca. 700 |
Primitiv nordisk (eller runenordisk) blir erstattet av gammelnorsk.
|
| ca. 737 - 1160 |
Danevirke bygges.
|
| 772 |
Karl den Store begynner sin utryddelseskrig mot de hedenske sakserne, og ødelegger deres viktigste symbol, Irminsul.
|
| 793 |
Norse sea-raiders sack the Anglo-Celtic monastary at Lindisfarne.
|
| ca. 795 |
Norse raids on Ireland begin.
|
| ca. 800 |
The Elder Futhark is replaced by the Younger or Sixteen-Rune Futhark.
|
| ca. 800 - 810 |
Reign of King Godfrid of Denmark.
|
| 810 |
Death of Charlemagne.
|
| ca. 810 - 827 |
Reign of King Harald Klak of Denmark.
|
| ca. 827 - 853 |
Reign of King Horik Godfredsson of Denmark.
|
| ca. 835 |
Danish raiders ally with the Cornish against the rule of King Ecgbehrt
of Wessex.
|
| ca. 840 - 870 |
Reign of King Halfdan the Black of Norway.
|
| ca. 844 - 845 |
Norse raids on Moorish Spain begin.
|
| ca. 845 |
Al-Ghazal's embassy to Turgeis, King of the Vikings in Ireland.
|
| ca. 851 |
First Norse raid on Wales recorded in the Welsh chronicles Annales
Cambriae, Brut y Tywysogion and Brut y Saeson stating that
a certain Cyngen or Cinnen died on the swords of "the Heathen".
|
| ca. 852 |
The Swedish Rus become dominant among the Volga.
|
| ca. 853 - 873 |
Reign of King Rorik of Denmark.
|
| ca. 860 |
The Norse discovery of Iceland.
|
| 860-åra |
Ragnar Loddbrok killed at York.
The Rus found Novgorod and Kiev.
|
| 870 |
The Settlement of Iceland begins.
|
| ca. 870 - 945 |
Reign of King Harald Harfagra of Norway.
|
| ca. 873 - 891 |
Kings Sigfred and Halfdan are co-rulers of Denmark.
|
| 878 |
Alfred the Great defeats Guthrum/Guthorm and forces the Viking forces
to accept Christianity in return for English for settlement.
Harald Harfagra completes his conquest and unification of Norway and
the Orkney Islands, many Norwegians flee to Iceland.
|
| 890-åra |
Reign of King Helgi of Denmark, followed by Swedish rule of Denmark
under King Olaf the Swede.
|
| ca. 910 - 990 |
Life of poet/warrior Egill Skallagrimsson.
|
| 912 |
Gongu-Hrolf and his men take lands in Normandy as vassals of the French
king. Their descendants become the Normans.
|
| ca. 920 |
Ulfljotr the Norwegian brings the Gulathing Law to Iceland, where it
is used as a model upon which Icelandic Law is based.
|
| ca. 922 |
Ibn-Fadlan, an Arab ambassador to the Scandinavian Rus along the Volga,
writes his account of their customs, including a full description of
a ship/cremation funeral.
|
| 930 |
First Althing held at Thingvellir in Iceland, establishment of the
Icelandic Free State.
|
| ca. 930 - 1011 |
Life of Njal of Berthorsknoll.
|
| ca. 935 - 950 |
Reign of King Gorm the Old of Denmark.
|
| 946 |
Reign of King Hakon the Good of Norway.
|
| 947 |
Start of reign of King Olafr Tryggvasson of Norway, Norway adopts Christianity.
|
| 950 - 983 |
Reign of King Haraldr Bluetooth of Denmark, Denmark adopts Christianity.
|
| 982 |
Eirikr inn Rauda (Eric the Red) discovers Greenland.
|
| 983 |
Start of reign of King Svein Forkbeard of Denmark.
|
| ca. 986 |
Settlement of Greenland.
|
| 1000 |
Iceland officially converts to Christianity, although heathen practice
is still permitted in private.
Olafr Tryggvasson dies.
|
| ca. 1000 - 1005 |
Leifr Eiriksson makes his voyages to Vinland (America), attempts made
to settle there are prevented by opposition from skraelings (Native
Americans).
|
| 1016 |
Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats the Norse in Ireland at the battle of Clontarf,
both Brian and Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.
|
| 1030 |
King Olaf the Saint is killed at Stiklestad.
|
| 1066 |
Haraldr Hardrada, king of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion
of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, the English king.
Harold Godwinsson is killed at Hastings by the forces of Duke William
(the Bastard) of Normandy.
The Norman Conquest takes place.
The practice of "going viking" ends.
|
| ca. 1075 |
Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.
|
| ca. 1117 - 1118
|
Grágás, the Icelandic law code, first written
down.
|
| ca. 1122 |
Ari Thorgilsson writes Islendingabok.
|
| ca. 1175 |
The first written version of the Nibelungenlied is created in
Germany.
|
| ca. 1180 |
Theodoricus Monachus writes Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium.
|
| ca. 1185 - 1223 |
Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.
|
| ca. 1200 |
Ibn-Dihya writes his account of Al-Ghazal's embassy to the king of
the Vikings in Ireland.
|
| ca. 1200 - 1450 |
The Icelandic sagas are written.
|
| ca. 1200 |
Orkneyinga saga written by an unknown Icelandic author.
|
| ca. 1220 |
Snorri Sturluson writes the Prose Edda.
|
| ca. 1225 |
Snorri Sturluson writes Heimskringla.
|
| 1226 |
Tristams saga produced by translating the Tristan of
Thomas of Brittany per the request of King Hakon Hakonarsson.
|
| ca. 1230 |
Egils saga Skallagrimssonar written, probably by Snorri Sturluson
(note that this is 240 years after the death of Egill).
|
| ca. 1245 |
Laxdaela saga written by an unknown author.
|
| ca. 1280 |
Brenu-Njals saga written by an unknown author (Note that this
was written 269 years after the death of Njal).
|
| ca. 1250 - 1300 |
Most of the poems of the Poetic Edda, which had previously been
circulating orally since the Migration Age or before, are collected
and written down in the Codex Regius, the oldest surviving manuscript
containing the Eddic poems.
|
| ca. 1300 |
Sturlunga saga, a collection of historical sagas written by
various Icelanders during the 1200's, is compiled.
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